Ckm serbia model4/12/2023 Electromagnetism has been known since the nineteenth century, but two subatomic interactions play also an important role : the strong interaction binds the quarks into the observed hadrons (like the proton and the neutron) whereas the weak interaction is responsible for the decay of a quark of a given flavour into a quark of another flavour (leading to the observed \(\beta\) decays of radioactive nuclei). The study of these quarks showed the existence of three fundamental interactions among them at the subatomic level. The latter quarks could not be identified easily in the “ordinary” matter around us as they decay very quickly in lighter quarks (leading back to \(u\) and \(d\) quarks). In the development of particle physics describing matter at the smallest distances, it has proved possible not only to understand the structure of the proton and the neutron in nuclei as made of two types, or flavours, of quarks (\(u\) and \(d\)) but also to produce heavier flavours of quarks (\(s\), \(c\), \(b\) and finally the heaviest quark \(t\)) in more and more energetic collisions. Carla Marin Benito, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya Yasmine Sara Amhis, CNRS, Orsay, Franceĭr. Sébastien Descotes-Genon, CNRS, Orsay, Franceĭr.
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